The exact location of the caves of Androth is not established, but we have sufficient hints to show that they must have been somewhere close to the point marked on the map. We know for sure that they were associated with the land of Mithrim, and specifically with that land's surrounding hills. At the very least, then, they must have lain among the foothills of the Mountains of Shadow, or the long spur known as the Mountains of Mithrim that separated Mithrim from Dor-lómin to the west.

We have a stronger clue in the description of Tuor's final departure from the caves: '...he went westwards across Dor-lómin, and found Annon-in-Gelydh...' (Quenta Silmarillion 23, Of Tuor and the Fall of Gondolin). This requires that the caves be in the Mountains of Mithrim, because any other location would have involved Tuor crossing Mithrim itself before he could enter Dor-lómin. It's also clear from this description that they must have been approximately eastward of Annon-in-Gelydh, the Gate of the Noldor that led into the hidden cleft of Cirith Ninniach.

Taken together, these facts indicate a point in the Mountains of Mithrim generally eastward of Annon-in-Gelydh. The fact that an (unnamed) river rose at almost exactly this point is perhaps a further hint, since springs are often associated with caves (and in this case would also provide a useful source of fresh water for refugees hiding there) though this connection is necessarily more speculative.

The name Androth is never formally explained, but we can surely presume that the -roth ending has its usual Sindarin meaning of 'caves'. The And- element of the name usually means 'long', but in the context of a cave system its meaning is not completely clear. Perhaps the most natural inference would be that the caves ran a long way into the hills (and indeed if they were occupied by an entire group of Elves, this seems especially likely) though other interpretations are possible.